As a young physicist in 1905,
Albert Einstein gave 
the world something sepcial--

the theory of relativity.

A half century later, in 1955,
the year of Einstein's death,
the United states is rapidly
turning its attention
away from a war
and the atomic bomb's
devastating effects
and toward a future
bright with the promise
of peaceful atom.

Is it scary?
My grandmother fainted.

Einstein's idea have progressed
from theory to reality,
and in 1955,
popular imagination is soaring
to science fiction
and worlds beyond.

And as the creature
from the black lagoon
lurks in the celluloid depths,
a young physicist-to-be
makes his way
to the local theater
where the destiny awaits.

He is about to encounter
Einstein's great ideas
for the first time.

[Film narrator]
There's a chill in the air.

That means it's time
for the fall classic again,
as world series fever
spreads across America.

1995 may prove to be
the year of the sums,
and thats's nothing
to cheer about in the Bronx.

Let's go to the Yankee stadium.

[sportscaster]
Bill Skowron
bounces to Pordes,
and Johny finaly
makes the throw to first
after the ball
stuck in his glove.

Bob Cerb sends an easy fly
to Amoros,
and the Dodgers
are only one out away
from their first
world series title.

Pordes looks like the coolest
person in the studium.
Elston Howard sends
a grounder to Peewee Reese,
and these Dodgers at last
are world champions.

Delirious with joy,
teammates and fans
mob the Brooklyn pitcher.

In the Dodgers clubhouse
is the pandemonium
a great victory generates.
And setting the zany pace
are Gil Hodges, Duke Snider,
snd Don Newcombe.
T
his is Brooklyn's
greatest baseball day.
Newspapers
Shriek the tidings--
"Brooklyn bridge
goes topsy-turvy
at this monumental event.

Meanwhile, on the other side
of the tracks,
amature athletes are already
working toward victory
in next year's Olympic games
in Melebourne.

Australia's down under,
but these Olympic hopefulls
are already up for the games.

But the Melbourne
Olympic trail
weren't the only games
being played in 1955.

Just down the street
from the LIDO
at the legendary
Chalky's billiard academy,
there are things going on
in the shadows
that even the creature
from the black lagoon
should't know about.

At the moment, Bertland
"the machine gun" Berkowitz
is fighting
to retain his crown.

Both the high and low rollers
are going for broke.
Not surprisingly,
the champ resorts to every trick
at his skilled
and highly polished fingertips.

However, under the watchful eyes
of the referees,
not even "the machine gun"
can break the rules.

It apears on the surface
that some rules
simply cannot be broken...

They're Issac Newton's Laws
of classical mechanics.
At least until Albert Einstein
came on the scene,
They'd been firmly in place
for the past 300 years.

According to Newton's first law,
A ball won't come to rest
unless something stops it.

His second law,
which remains
equally unbreakable,
explains how a ball
can be stopped,
and at the same time,
how a ball can be started.

The momentum of a billiard ball,
or anything else,
is equal to mass times velocity.

And the momentum is changed
only if a force
is impressed upon the ball.
But when two balls collide,
the force on one ball
is equal and opposite
to the force on the other.

So, the changes in momentum
are also equal and opposite.

That's why the total momentum
of both balls remains constant.

Although "the machine gun" Berkowitz
might now know, or care,
momentum would continue
to remain constant
even in Einstein's
theory of relativity.

Bill Haley and the comets
have reached the charts
with their hit single,
"Rock around the clock."
In the world of film,
there's sad news.

Millions of adoring fans
refuse to accept the fact
that James Dean is gone.

But on September 30th,
the rising star of 1955
fell in flames.

As moviegoers mourn
the loss of 
the "rebel without a cause,"
the world over
has reason to bid farewell
to everyone's
favorite professor.

"With Alber EinStein's death,"
said his friend and colleague,
I.I. Rabi,
"A great light has gone out
in the world of physics."

Many knew him for the warmth
of his friendly personality,
his kindness,
and his rich sense of humor.

Though Einstein's gone,
the power of his ideas,
which changed the very meaning
of time and space,
will surely play a role
far into the future.

And a game of space billiards,
played in the far future,
can illustrate one of 
its more powerful conseqences.

Albert,
like hist old friend, Henry,
get around
at nearly the speed of light.

And like the boys
shooting pool on earth,
Albert and Henry
play their game
strictly by the rules.

For example,
especially in outer space,
It's easy to see that nothing
is really ever at rest.

The difference between
moving and standing still
depends only on
who's doing the looking,
Albert and Henry
head toward each other
at nearly the speed of light.

And, at the critical instant,
Albert tosses his ball upward
to coast off into space.

Henry likewise launches
his identical ball
at exactly the same speed.

If they both play
the game just right,
the ball collide in space
and each returns
to its owner.

To make that happen,
Albert sent his ball up
with velocity u sub a...

And at the same instant,
Henry sent his own
with the velocity u sub h,

With perfect timing,
they were on
a collision course
that sent each one 
back where it came from.

Each one had changed 
its velocity
by an equal amount
in the opposite direction.

So, with identical masses,
the changes in momentum
were as equal and opposite
as they would have been
at Chalky's billiard parlor.

At least, that's how it looked
from one point of view.

But all serious critics
of the game
know that it takes
a space-time diagram
to see things
in proper perspective.

The spectators may have seen
these events this way.

But from Albert's point of view,
it's a whole new ball game...

With Hery firing first.
Then Albert's ball
bounces back to Albert
long before Henry's
gets to him.

In other word,
from Albert's point of view,
speedy Henry 
first got the game going
while alert waited at rest
for the crucial instant
to launch his billiard ball
into space.

The game takes exquisite timing
because from Albert's 
point of view,
Henry's billiard ball 
takes longer than his own
to get down to the collision
and back up to the ship.

If the same thing happened
to two balls colliding
on a pool table,
it would seem as if
the blue ball were more massive
because it doesn't get deflected
as much as the tan ball.

Can that be true quantitaively?

In Albert's frame,
Henry's ball was launched
at velocity u sub prime sub h...
while his own drifted staight
upward at u prime sub a.

In the collision,
each one changed its velocity,
but at least from
Albert's viewpoint,
not by the same amount.

So, in order to have
the same change in momentum,
Henry's speedy ball
acts as if it has a larger mass.

But what is mass,
and How can it change
with speed?

Record numbers throng
into the coliseum
for the 42nd national
automobile show,
being held in New York
for the first time
in 16 years.

To make up for lost years,
the show is staged 
on a lavish scale.

Power aplenty is represented--

mighty new engines
and power accessories galore
on the 124 models displayed.

The cars are longer
and lower than ever,
thanks in part
to the smaller 14-inch wheels.

Mostof the 51 million cars
in use today
seem drab and boxy
compared to these dream boats.

High in the dream boat class,
this one has everything
for the busy executive.

Makes work worthwhile.

There's a trend
of the sporty, more colorful.

Detroit's designing geniuses
keep pace with the nation's...

The American automobile
may be massive,
but even a weightless
spacecract has a certain mass.

According to Newton's law,
mass is what relates force
to acceleration.

So, to start with,
mass is a measure
of how hard a body resists
a change in velocity.

For example, a car puts up
more resistance
than a billiard ball.

And a ball at rest
resists a change in velocity
less than a ball in motion...

Particularly
when it's traveling
at nearly the speed of light.

According to
the theory of relativity,
the mass of any moving object
depends on how fast
it's moving.

The mass, M,
is equal to rest mass,
M sub zero,
times the factor, gamma.

So, throughout the universe,
mass, like time amd distance,
depends on
one's point of view.

In other words,
an object's mass 
depends on its speed.

There's a new television show
for the little ones this fall.

It's called
"Captain Kangaroo."

This week, kids of all ages
are speeding en masse
to Walt Disney's
newest attraction
in southern Calfolnia.
To all who come to 
this happy place, welcom.

Disneyland is your land.

Here, age relives
fond memories of the past,
and here, youth may sayvor
the challenge and promise
of the future.

Disneyland is dedicated
to the ideals, the dreams,
and the hard facts
that have created America,
with the home
that it will be
a source of joy
and isnpiration
to all the world.

Thank you.

Disney had to mortage
his home and life insurance,
but it looks like
the gamble will pay off.

Already at hand 
on the scientific front,
the future is now.

In berkley, Calfornia,
Ernest O. Lawrence
is alrady turning Einstein's
theories int reality.

And the Bevatron,
when finaly completed,
should propel modern physics
well into the 1960's.

Inside the machine,
powerful
electromagnetic fiels
will accelerate tiny particles
faster and faster.

And finaly, they'll
smash into other atoms.

From the flying pieces,
scientists home to find...

But wait.

Sice such machines push
the particles faster and faster,
will they ever reach
the speed of light?

No. And here's why.

Inside any accelerator,
electromagnetic fields
exert force on a tiny ion.

This force increases 
the ion's momentum, M times V.

So, the speed increases.

But as and object's
speed increases,
its mass also increases.

As it becomes harder and harder
to make it go faster.

The ion's momentum
and its energy keep increasing,
but its speed
never reaches the speed of light
no matter how hard it's pushed.

Pushing a body 
increases its momentum
not only by increasing
its velocity
but also by inreasing its mass.

But what about a body's energy?

Anytime a force
does work on a body,
or a body does work
on an object,
kinetic energy is increased.

And increasing
the kinetic energy of an object
also increases its mass.

The work done on a body 
is equal to the force
integrated over the distance
through which it moves.

That work turns into
the body's kinetic energy.

But force changes momentum.

And momentum depends on mass,
which also changes with speed.

So  kinetic energy
may be expressed
as an integral
over changing speed from rest
until the force stops pushing.

The result looks
more complicated
than it really is.

At low speed,
K is one half the mass
times the velocity-squared.

But at higher speed,
the curve
for increasing energy
starts to look just like
the curves of increasing mass.

The equation shows why.

At any speed,
the kinetic energy
is equal to
the change in mass
times c-squared.

And since M sub zero is 
the mass of the body at rest,

The quantity M sub zero c-squared is 
called...
the rest-mass energy.

Adding the kinetic energy
to the rest-mass energy
gives the total energy
of the body.

And there it is,
E = M c-squared.

In the theory of relativity,
energy and mass
are one and the same thing.

But if add energy adds mass,
does an object
yield some of its mass
if it loses energy?

Einstein said it does,
and it does, for example,
inside the sun.

Nuclear reactions
reduces the sun's mass
by billions of kilograms
every minute
as it radiates energy
into space.

From the First moment
man unleashed 
the power of the sun on earth,
man kind has lived
under a cloud 
of devastation.

But today,
scientists are learing
to tame the mighty atom
and to channel its power
toward peaceful ends.

At the United Nations assembly
last week,
president Eisenhower
rose to the new challenge
of atoms for peace.

Against the dark background
of the atomic bomb,
the United States
does not wish
merely to present strength,
but also the desire
and the hope for peace.

And in such capable hands,
nuclear energy can work
toward peaceful and almost 
limitless possibilities.

Those possibilities
start to take shape
when a uranium atom
with a certin rest-mass
breaks up into fragments
with a lower total rest-mass.

That small difference in mass
equals an enormous amount
of energy,
and that energy can show up
in a variety of uses.

Last month, Arco, Idaho,
became the first city
in the world
to be lit by atomic power.

Where, when, and how
it will end
is still a matter
of speculation
and a concern
of the scientists of tommorow.

But no matter where it ends,
it all began
with Albert Einstein.

Playing by the rules,
Einstein discoverd
that mass changes with speed...

And that mass itself
must therefore be
one and the same with energy.

Obviously, in 1955,
the atomc age has arrived.

[ Creature croarks ]

AAH!
AAAHH!