As a young physicist in 1905, Albert Einstein gave the world something sepcial-- the theory of relativity. A half century later, in 1955, the year of Einstein's death, the United states is rapidly turning its attention away from a war and the atomic bomb's devastating effects and toward a future bright with the promise of peaceful atom. Is it scary? My grandmother fainted. Einstein's idea have progressed from theory to reality, and in 1955, popular imagination is soaring to science fiction and worlds beyond. And as the creature from the black lagoon lurks in the celluloid depths, a young physicist-to-be makes his way to the local theater where the destiny awaits. He is about to encounter Einstein's great ideas for the first time. [Film narrator] There's a chill in the air. That means it's time for the fall classic again, as world series fever spreads across America. 1995 may prove to be the year of the sums, and thats's nothing to cheer about in the Bronx. Let's go to the Yankee stadium. [sportscaster] Bill Skowron bounces to Pordes, and Johny finaly makes the throw to first after the ball stuck in his glove. Bob Cerb sends an easy fly to Amoros, and the Dodgers are only one out away from their first world series title. Pordes looks like the coolest person in the studium. Elston Howard sends a grounder to Peewee Reese, and these Dodgers at last are world champions. Delirious with joy, teammates and fans mob the Brooklyn pitcher. In the Dodgers clubhouse is the pandemonium a great victory generates. And setting the zany pace are Gil Hodges, Duke Snider, snd Don Newcombe. T his is Brooklyn's greatest baseball day. Newspapers Shriek the tidings-- "Brooklyn bridge goes topsy-turvy at this monumental event. Meanwhile, on the other side of the tracks, amature athletes are already working toward victory in next year's Olympic games in Melebourne. Australia's down under, but these Olympic hopefulls are already up for the games. But the Melbourne Olympic trail weren't the only games being played in 1955. Just down the street from the LIDO at the legendary Chalky's billiard academy, there are things going on in the shadows that even the creature from the black lagoon should't know about. At the moment, Bertland "the machine gun" Berkowitz is fighting to retain his crown. Both the high and low rollers are going for broke. Not surprisingly, the champ resorts to every trick at his skilled and highly polished fingertips. However, under the watchful eyes of the referees, not even "the machine gun" can break the rules. It apears on the surface that some rules simply cannot be broken... They're Issac Newton's Laws of classical mechanics. At least until Albert Einstein came on the scene, They'd been firmly in place for the past 300 years. According to Newton's first law, A ball won't come to rest unless something stops it. His second law, which remains equally unbreakable, explains how a ball can be stopped, and at the same time, how a ball can be started. The momentum of a billiard ball, or anything else, is equal to mass times velocity. And the momentum is changed only if a force is impressed upon the ball. But when two balls collide, the force on one ball is equal and opposite to the force on the other. So, the changes in momentum are also equal and opposite. That's why the total momentum of both balls remains constant. Although "the machine gun" Berkowitz might now know, or care, momentum would continue to remain constant even in Einstein's theory of relativity. Bill Haley and the comets have reached the charts with their hit single, "Rock around the clock." In the world of film, there's sad news. Millions of adoring fans refuse to accept the fact that James Dean is gone. But on September 30th, the rising star of 1955 fell in flames. As moviegoers mourn the loss of the "rebel without a cause," the world over has reason to bid farewell to everyone's favorite professor. "With Alber EinStein's death," said his friend and colleague, I.I. Rabi, "A great light has gone out in the world of physics." Many knew him for the warmth of his friendly personality, his kindness, and his rich sense of humor. Though Einstein's gone, the power of his ideas, which changed the very meaning of time and space, will surely play a role far into the future. And a game of space billiards, played in the far future, can illustrate one of its more powerful conseqences. Albert, like hist old friend, Henry, get around at nearly the speed of light. And like the boys shooting pool on earth, Albert and Henry play their game strictly by the rules. For example, especially in outer space, It's easy to see that nothing is really ever at rest. The difference between moving and standing still depends only on who's doing the looking, Albert and Henry head toward each other at nearly the speed of light. And, at the critical instant, Albert tosses his ball upward to coast off into space. Henry likewise launches his identical ball at exactly the same speed. If they both play the game just right, the ball collide in space and each returns to its owner. To make that happen, Albert sent his ball up with velocity u sub a... And at the same instant, Henry sent his own with the velocity u sub h, With perfect timing, they were on a collision course that sent each one back where it came from. Each one had changed its velocity by an equal amount in the opposite direction. So, with identical masses, the changes in momentum were as equal and opposite as they would have been at Chalky's billiard parlor. At least, that's how it looked from one point of view. But all serious critics of the game know that it takes a space-time diagram to see things in proper perspective. The spectators may have seen these events this way. But from Albert's point of view, it's a whole new ball game... With Hery firing first. Then Albert's ball bounces back to Albert long before Henry's gets to him. In other word, from Albert's point of view, speedy Henry first got the game going while alert waited at rest for the crucial instant to launch his billiard ball into space. The game takes exquisite timing because from Albert's point of view, Henry's billiard ball takes longer than his own to get down to the collision and back up to the ship. If the same thing happened to two balls colliding on a pool table, it would seem as if the blue ball were more massive because it doesn't get deflected as much as the tan ball. Can that be true quantitaively? In Albert's frame, Henry's ball was launched at velocity u sub prime sub h... while his own drifted staight upward at u prime sub a. In the collision, each one changed its velocity, but at least from Albert's viewpoint, not by the same amount. So, in order to have the same change in momentum, Henry's speedy ball acts as if it has a larger mass. But what is mass, and How can it change with speed? Record numbers throng into the coliseum for the 42nd national automobile show, being held in New York for the first time in 16 years. To make up for lost years, the show is staged on a lavish scale. Power aplenty is represented-- mighty new engines and power accessories galore on the 124 models displayed. The cars are longer and lower than ever, thanks in part to the smaller 14-inch wheels. Mostof the 51 million cars in use today seem drab and boxy compared to these dream boats. High in the dream boat class, this one has everything for the busy executive. Makes work worthwhile. There's a trend of the sporty, more colorful. Detroit's designing geniuses keep pace with the nation's... The American automobile may be massive, but even a weightless spacecract has a certain mass. According to Newton's law, mass is what relates force to acceleration. So, to start with, mass is a measure of how hard a body resists a change in velocity. For example, a car puts up more resistance than a billiard ball. And a ball at rest resists a change in velocity less than a ball in motion... Particularly when it's traveling at nearly the speed of light. According to the theory of relativity, the mass of any moving object depends on how fast it's moving. The mass, M, is equal to rest mass, M sub zero, times the factor, gamma. So, throughout the universe, mass, like time amd distance, depends on one's point of view. In other words, an object's mass depends on its speed. There's a new television show for the little ones this fall. It's called "Captain Kangaroo." This week, kids of all ages are speeding en masse to Walt Disney's newest attraction in southern Calfolnia. To all who come to this happy place, welcom. Disneyland is your land. Here, age relives fond memories of the past, and here, youth may sayvor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams, and the hard facts that have created America, with the home that it will be a source of joy and isnpiration to all the world. Thank you. Disney had to mortage his home and life insurance, but it looks like the gamble will pay off. Already at hand on the scientific front, the future is now. In berkley, Calfornia, Ernest O. Lawrence is alrady turning Einstein's theories int reality. And the Bevatron, when finaly completed, should propel modern physics well into the 1960's. Inside the machine, powerful electromagnetic fiels will accelerate tiny particles faster and faster. And finaly, they'll smash into other atoms. From the flying pieces, scientists home to find... But wait. Sice such machines push the particles faster and faster, will they ever reach the speed of light? No. And here's why. Inside any accelerator, electromagnetic fields exert force on a tiny ion. This force increases the ion's momentum, M times V. So, the speed increases. But as and object's speed increases, its mass also increases. As it becomes harder and harder to make it go faster. The ion's momentum and its energy keep increasing, but its speed never reaches the speed of light no matter how hard it's pushed. Pushing a body increases its momentum not only by increasing its velocity but also by inreasing its mass. But what about a body's energy? Anytime a force does work on a body, or a body does work on an object, kinetic energy is increased. And increasing the kinetic energy of an object also increases its mass. The work done on a body is equal to the force integrated over the distance through which it moves. That work turns into the body's kinetic energy. But force changes momentum. And momentum depends on mass, which also changes with speed. So kinetic energy may be expressed as an integral over changing speed from rest until the force stops pushing. The result looks more complicated than it really is. At low speed, K is one half the mass times the velocity-squared. But at higher speed, the curve for increasing energy starts to look just like the curves of increasing mass. The equation shows why. At any speed, the kinetic energy is equal to the change in mass times c-squared. And since M sub zero is the mass of the body at rest, The quantity M sub zero c-squared is called... the rest-mass energy. Adding the kinetic energy to the rest-mass energy gives the total energy of the body. And there it is, E = M c-squared. In the theory of relativity, energy and mass are one and the same thing. But if add energy adds mass, does an object yield some of its mass if it loses energy? Einstein said it does, and it does, for example, inside the sun. Nuclear reactions reduces the sun's mass by billions of kilograms every minute as it radiates energy into space. From the First moment man unleashed the power of the sun on earth, man kind has lived under a cloud of devastation. But today, scientists are learing to tame the mighty atom and to channel its power toward peaceful ends. At the United Nations assembly last week, president Eisenhower rose to the new challenge of atoms for peace. Against the dark background of the atomic bomb, the United States does not wish merely to present strength, but also the desire and the hope for peace. And in such capable hands, nuclear energy can work toward peaceful and almost limitless possibilities. Those possibilities start to take shape when a uranium atom with a certin rest-mass breaks up into fragments with a lower total rest-mass. That small difference in mass equals an enormous amount of energy, and that energy can show up in a variety of uses. Last month, Arco, Idaho, became the first city in the world to be lit by atomic power. Where, when, and how it will end is still a matter of speculation and a concern of the scientists of tommorow. But no matter where it ends, it all began with Albert Einstein. Playing by the rules, Einstein discoverd that mass changes with speed... And that mass itself must therefore be one and the same with energy. Obviously, in 1955, the atomc age has arrived. [ Creature croarks ] AAH! AAAHH!