　　　　ＦＵＮＤＩＮＧ　ＦＯＲ　ＴＨＩＳ　ＰＲＯＧＲＡＭ
　　　　　　　　ＷＡＳ　ＰＲＯＶＩＤＥＤ　ＢＹ




Ｉ’Ｄ　ＬＩＫＥ　ＴＯ　ＴＥＬＬ　ＹＯＵ　ＴＨＥ　ＳＴＯＲＹ
　　　　　　　　ＯＦ　ＡＮ　ＡＣＣＩＤＥＮＴ


　　　　ＴＨＡＴ　ＨＡＰＰＥＮＥＤ　ＴＯ　Ａ　ＣＥＲＴＡＩＮ
　　　　ＰＲＯＦＥＳＳＯＲ　ＭＵＳＨＥＮＢＲＯＯＫ．．．


ＡＴ　ＴＨＥ　ＵＮＩＶＥＲＳＩＴＹ　ＯＦ　ＬＥＹＤＥＮ．．．


　　　　　　　　ＩＮ　ＴＨＥ　ＹＥＡＲ　１７４５．


　　　　ＩＴ　ＷＡＳ　ＢＥＬＩＥＶＥＤ　ＡＴ　ＴＨＥ　ＴＩＭＥ


　　　　ＴＨＡＴ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＩＴＹ　ＭＩＧＨＴ　ＢＥ
　　　　　　　　Ａ　ＫＩＮＤ　ＯＦ　ＦＬＵＩＤ．


　　　　ＭＵＳＨＥＮＢＲＯＯＫ　ＷＡＮＴＥＤ　ＴＯ　ＭＡＫＥ
Ａ　ＳＯＬＵＴＩＯＮ　ＯＦ　ＴＨＥ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＦＬＵＩＤ


　　　　ＷＩＴＨ　ＯＲＤＩＮＡＲＹ　ＷＡＲＴＥＲ．


　　　　　　　　Ａ　ＦＲＩＥＮＤ　ＯＦ　ＨＩＳ
　　　　ＮＡＭＥＤ　ＡＮＤＲＥＡＳ　ＫＵＮＩＡＳ，


　　　　ＷＨＯ　ＡＣＴＥＤ　ＡＳ　ＨＩＳ　ＡＳＳＩＳＴＡＮＴ，


ＴＯＯＫ　Ａ　ＪＡＲ　ＯＦ　ＷＡＴＥＲ　ＬＩＫＥ　ＴＨＩＳ
　　　　　　　　ＩＮ　ＨＩＳ　ＨＡＮＤ


　　　　ＡＮＤ　ＰＵＴ　ＩＮＴＯ　ＩＴ　Ａ　ＳＴＯＰＰＥＲ
　　　　ＷＩＴＨ　Ａ　ＬＯＮＧ　ＮＡＩＬ　ＩＮ　ＩＴ．


　　　　ＴＨＥＮ　ＨＥ　ＨＥＬＤ　ＴＨＥ　ＮＡＩＬ
　　　　　　　　ＵＰ　ＴＯ　ＴＨＥ　ＰＯＬＥ


　　　　ＯＦ　ＡＮ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＯＳＴＡＴＩＣ
　　　　ＧＥＮＥＲＡＴＩＮＧ　ＭＡＣＨＩＮＥ，


　　　　ＳＯＭＥＴＨＩＮＧ　ＬＩＫＥ　ＴＨＡＴ　ＯＮＥ，


　　　　ＳＯ　ＴＨＥ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＦＬＵＩＤ
　　　　　ＣＯＵＬＤ　ＲＵＮ　ＤＯＷＮ　ＴＨＥ　ＮＡＩＬ


　　　　　　　　　ＩＮＴＯ　ＴＨＥ　ＷＡＴＥＲ


　　　　ＡＮＤ　ＭＡＫＥ　Ａ　ＳＯＬＵＴＩＯＮ　ＷＩＴＨ　ＩＴ．


　　　　ＷＨＥＮ　ＨＥ　ＧＲＡＢＢＥＤ　ＴＨＥ　ＮＡＩＬ
　　　　ＴＯ　ＰＵＬＬ　ＩＴ　ＯＵＴ　ＯＦ　ＴＨＥ　ＷＡＴＥＲ，


　　　　ＨＥ　ＭＡＤＥ　ＡＮ　ＡＢＳＯＬＵＴＥＬＹ
　　　　ＳＨＯＣＫＩＮＧ　ＤＩＳＣＯＶＥＲＹ．


　　　　　　　　ＭＵＳＨＥＮＢＲＯＯＫ
　　　　ＷＡＳＮ’Ｔ　ＤＥＴＥＲＲＥＤ　ＡＴ　ＡＬＬ．


ＨＥ　ＪＵＳＴ　ＦＯＵＮＤ　ＡＮＯＴＨＥＲ　ＶＯＬＵＮＴＥＥＲ
ＡＮＤ　ＷＥＮＴ　ＯＮ　ＷＩＴＨ　ＨＩＳ　ＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨ．


　　　　ＢＵＴ　ＴＨＡＴ　ＤＩＳＣＯＶＥＲＹ，


　　　　ＷＨＩＣＨ　ＣＡＭＥ　ＴＯ　ＢＥ　ＫＮＯＷＮ
　　　　ＡＳ　ＴＨＥ　ＬＥＹＤＥＮ　ＪＡＲ，


　　　　　　　　ＴＵＲＮＥＤ　ＯＵＴ　ＴＯ　ＢＥ
　　　　ＯＮＥ　ＯＦ　ＴＨＥ　ＭＯＳＴ　ＩＭＰＯＲＴＡＮＴ


　　　　ＯＦ　ＴＨＥ　１８ｔｈ　ＣＥＮＴＵＲＹ．


　　　　ＢＥＦＯＲＥ　ＩＴ，ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＩＴＹ　ＷＡＳ
                Ａ　ＭＥＲＥ　ＣＵＲＩＯＳＩＴＹ．


ＡＦＴＥＲＷＡＲＤ，ＩＴ　ＢＥＣＡＭＥ　ＳＯＭＥＴＨＩＮＧ
　　　　ＧＥＮＵＩＮＥＲＹ　ＰＯＷＥＲＦＵＬ．


　　　　ＴＯ　ＡＰＰＲＥＣＩＡＴＥ　ＴＨＥ　ＩＭＰＡＣＴ


　　　　　　　　ＴＨＡＴ　ＴＨＥ　ＤＩＳＣＯＶＥＲＹ
　　　　　　　　ＨＡＤ　ＡＴ　ＴＨＥ　ＴＩＭＥ，


　　　　ＹＯＵ　ＨＡＶＥ　ＴＯ　ＵＮＤＥＲＳＴＡＮＤ


　　　　ＳＯＭＥＴＨＩＮＧ　ＡＢＯＵＴ　ＴＨＥ　ＷＡＹ
　　　　　　　　ＳＣＩＥＮＣＥ　ＷＡＳ　ＤＯＮＥ．


　　　　ＰＥＯＰＬＥ　ＷＨＯ　ＤＩＤ　ＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＳ
　　　　　　　　ＯＮ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＩＴＹ－－


ＴＨＥＹ　ＷＥＲＥ　ＣＡＬＬＥＤ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＩＡＮＳ－－


　　　　ＦＯＲＭＥＤ　Ａ　ＫＩＮＤ　ＯＦ　ＦＲＡＴＥＲＮＩＴＹ．


　　　　　　　　ＩＴ　ＨＡＤ　ＩＴＳ　ＲＵＬＥＳ
　　　　　　　　ＡＮＤ　ＩＴＳ　ＲＩＴＵＡＬＳ．


　　　　　　　　ＮＯＷ，ＴＨＥＲＥ　ＷＥＲＥ
ＣＲＵＤＥ　ＩＮＳＴＲＵＭＥＮＴＳ　ＡＴ　ＴＨＥ　ＴＩＭＥ


　　　　　　　　ＴＨＡＴ　ＣＯＵＬＤ　ＭＥＡＳＵＲＥ
　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＡＭＯＵＮＴ　ＯＦ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＩＴＹ


　　　　ＴＨＡＴ　ＨＡＤ　ＢＥＥＮ　ＰＲＯＤＵＣＥＤ．


　　　　ＢＵＴ　ＥＶＥＲＹ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＩＡＮ
ＰＲＩＤＥＤ　ＨＩＭＳＥＬＦ　ＯＮ　ＨＩＳ　ＡＢＩＬＩＴＹ


　　　　ＴＯ　ＪＵＤＧＥ　ＴＨＥ　ＳＴＲＥＮＧＴＨ
　　　　ＯＦ　ＴＨＥ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＩＴＹ


　　　　ＢＹ　ＦＥＥＬＩＮＧ　ＴＨＥ　ＳＨＯＣＫ
　　　　ＴＨＡＴ　ＩＴ　ＰＲＯＤＵＣＥＤ．


　　　　ＮＯ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＩＡＮ　ＷＯＵＬＤ
　　　　ＳＥＮＤ　ＡＮ　ＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴ　ＯＵＴ


　　　　ＷＩＴＨＯＵＴ　ＦＩＲＳＴ　ＦＥＥＬＩＮＧ
　　　　　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＳＨＯＣＫ．


　　　　ＢＥＦＯＲＥ　ＴＨＥ　ＤＩＳＣＯＶＥＲＹ
　　　　ＯＦ　ＴＨＥ　ＬＥＹＤＥＮ　ＪＡＲ，
　　　　　　　　

　　　　　　　　ＴＨＡＴ　ＷＡＳ　ＨＡＲＭＬＥＳＳ．


　　　　　　　　ＡＦＴＥＲＷＡＲＤＳ，
　　　　ＩＴ　ＷＡＳ　ＡＤＩＦＦＥＲＥＮＴ　ＭＡＴＴＥＲ．


　　　　ＩＴ　ＷＡＳ　ＮＯＴ　Ａ　ＧＯＯＤ　ＴＩＭＥ
　　　　ＴＯ　ＢＥ　ＡＮ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＩＡＮ．


　　　　ＭＵＳＨＥＮＢＲＯＯＫ　ＷＡＳ
　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＦＩＲＳＴ　ＴＯ　ＤＯ　ＩＴ．


　　　　ＨＥ　ＬＡＴＥＲ　ＷＲＯＴＥ　ＴＨＡＴ
ＨＥ　ＷＯＵＬＤ　ＮＥＶＥＲ　ＤＯ　ＩＴ　ＡＧＡＩＮ．




ＮＥＶＥＲＴＨＥＬＥＳＳ，ＥＶＥＲＹ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＩＡＮ
　　　　　ＨＡＤ　ＴＯ　ＦＥＥＬ　ＴＨＥ　ＳＨＯＣＫ，


　　　　　ＷＩＴＨ　ＯＮＥ　ＥＸＣＥＰＴＩＯＮ－－


　　　　　Ａ　ＧＥＲＭＡＮ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＩＡＮ
　　　　　　　　　ＮＡＭＥＤ　ＷＩＮＫＬＥＲ


　　　　　ＷＨＯ　ＧＡＬＬＡＮＴＬＹ　ＰＥＲＭＩＴＴＥＤ
　　　　　ＨＩＳ　ＷＩＦＥ　ＴＯ　ＤＯ　ＩＴ　ＦＯＲ　ＨＩＭ．


ＩＴ　ＴＵＲＮＥＤ　ＯＵＴ　ＴＨＡＴ　ＬＥＹＤＥＮ　ＪＡＲＳ
　　　　ＷＥＲＥ　ＶＥＲＹ　ＥＡＳＹ　ＴＯ　ＭＡＫＥ，


　　　　ＢＵＴ　ＩＴ　ＷＡＳ　ＶＥＲＹ　ＤＩＦＦＩＣＵＬＴ
ＴＯ　ＵＮＤＥＲＳＴＡＮＤ　ＷＨＹ　ＴＨＥＹ　ＷＯＲＫＥＤ．


ＰＥＲＨＡＰＳ　ＴＨＥ　ＭＯＳＴ　ＳＨＯＣＫＩＮＧ　ＴＨＩＮＧ
　　　　ＡＢＯＵＴ　ＴＨＥ　ＷＨＯＬＥ　ＡＦＦＡＩＲ


　　　　ＷＡＳ　ＷＨＥＲＥ　ＴＨＥ　ＥＸＰＬＡＮＡＴＩＯＮ
　　　　　　　　ＦＩＮＡＬＬＹ　ＣＡＭＥ　ＦＲＯＭ．


　　　　　　　　　　　　ＩＴ　ＣＡＭＥ
　　　　ＦＲＯＭ　ＡＮ　ＯＢＳＣＵＲＥ　ＰＲＩＮＴＥＲ


　　　　ＩＮ　Ａ　ＱＵＡＩＮＴ　ＬＩＴＴＬＥ　ＶＩＬＬＡＧＥ
　　　　　　　　ＣＡＬＬＥＤ　ＰＨＩＬＡＤＥＬＰＨＩＡ


　　　　ＡＣＲＯＳＳ　ＴＨＥ　ＡＴＬＡＮＴＩＣ　ＯＣＥＡＮ．


　　　　ＨＩＳ　ＮＡＭＥ，ＯＦ　ＣＯＵＲＳＥ，
　　　　ＷＡＳ　ＢＥＮＪＡＭＩＮ　ＦＲＡＮＫＬＩＮ．


　　　　　　　　ＩＮ　ＨＩＳ　ＯＷＮ　ＴＩＭＥ，


ＨＥ　ＷＡＳ　ＫＮＯＷＮ　ＴＯ　ＨＩＳ　ＣＯＵＮＴＲＹＭＥＮ


　　　　　　　　ＡＳ　ＴＨＥ　ＷＩＳＥＳＴ
　　　　ＡＮＤ　ＴＨＥ　ＭＯＳＴ　ＷＯＲＬＤＬＹ　ＭＡＮ


ＴＨＥ　ＹＯＵＮＧ　ＣＯＬＯＮＩＥＳ　ＣＯＵＬＤ　ＯＦＦＥＲ．


　　　　ＩＮ　ＥＮＧＬＡＮＤ　ＡＮＤ　ＦＲＡＮＣＥ，


　　　　　　　　ＨＥ　ＷＡＳ　Ａ　ＬＥＧＥＮＤＡＲＹ
　　　　ＡＮＤ　ＷＩＬＤＬＹ　ＰＯＰＵＬＡＲ　ＦＩＧＵＲＥ．


　　　　ＴＯＤＡＹ，ＷＥ　ＴＨＩＮＫ　ＯＦ　ＨＩＭ
　　　　　　　　ＡＳ　Ａ　ＳＴＡＴＥＳＭＡＮ


　　　　ＷＨＯ　ＤＡＢＢＬＥＤ　ＩＮ　ＳＣＩＥＮＣＥ．


　　　　　　　　ＨＥ　ＷＡＳ，ＩＮ　ＦＡＣＴ，


　　　　　　　　Ａ　ＳＥＲＩＯＵＳ　ＡＮＤ
　　　　ＶＥＲＹ　ＩＭＰＯＲＴＡＮＴ　ＰＬＡＹＥＲ


　　　　ＩＮ　ＴＨＥ　ＨＩＳＴＯＲＹ　ＯＨ　ＳＣＩＥＮＣＥ．


ＡＮＤ　ＢＹ　ＦＡＲ，ＨＩＳ　ＭＯＳＴ　ＩＭＰＯＲＴＡＮＴ
　　　　　　　　ＳＣＩＥＮＴＩＦＩＣ　ＷＯＲＫ


　　　　ＨＡＤ　ＴＯ　ＤＯ　ＷＩＴＨ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＩＴＹ．


　　　　ＩＮ　ＴＨＥ　ＬＡＴＥ　１８th　ＣＥＮＴＵＲＹ，


　　　　ＰＥＯＰＬＥ　ＡＲＯＵＮＤ　ＴＨＥ　ＷＯＲＬＤ


　　　　　　　　ＷＥＲＥ　ＦＡＳＣＩＮＡＴＥＤ　ＢＹ
ＴＨＥ　ＰＨＥＮＯＭＥＮＯＮ　ＯＦ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＩＴＹ．


ＩＮ　ＪＡＰＡＮ，ＴＨＥＹ　ＳＡＩＤ　ＴＨＥ　ＰＥＯＰＬＥ
ＦＯＲＭＥＤ　Ａ　ＬＩＮＥ　ＡＮＤ　ＨＥＬＤ　ＨＡＮＤＳ．


　　　　ＡＮＤ　ＴＨＥＮ　ＡＢＲＡＶＥ　ＳＯＵＬ


　　　　ＴＯＵＣＨＥＤ　ＳＯＭＥＴＨＩＮＧ
　　　　ＣＡＬＬＥＤ　Ａ　ＣＡＰＡＣＩＴＯＲ．


　　　　ＯＦ　ＣＯＵＲＳＥ，　ＴＨＡＴ　ＭＩＧＨＴ
　　　　ＨＡＶＥ　ＢＥＥＮ　ＪＵＳＴ　Ａ　ＲＵＭＯＲ．．．


　　　　ＢＥＣＡＵＳＥ　ＩＮ　ＴＨＥ　ＤＡＹＳ　ＷＨＥＮ
　　　　　　　　ＢＥＮＪＡＭＩＮ　ＦＲＡＮＫＬＩＮ


　　　　ＳＴＲＯＬＬＥＤ　ＴＨＥ　ＳＴＲＥＥＴＳ
　　　　ＯＦ　ＰＨＩＬＡＤＥＬＰＨＩＡ，


　　　　ＭＯＳＴ　ＯＦ　ＴＨＥ　ＷＯＲＬＤ’Ｓ
　　　　ＳＣＩＥＮＴＩＦＩＣ　ＫＮＯＷＬＥＤＧＥ

　　　　
　　　　　　　　ＡＢＯＵＴ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＩＴＹ


　　　　ＣＯＵＬＤ　ＦＩＴ　ＩＮＴＯ　Ａ　ＬＥＹＤＥＮ　ＪＡＲ．

　　　　ＰＲＯＦＥＳＳＯＲ　ＭＵＳＨＥＮＢＲＯＯＫ
　　　　ＡＮＤ　ＨＩＳ　ＬＥＹＤＥＮ　ＪＡＲＳ


　　　　ＤＲＥＷ　Ａ　ＬＯＴ　ＯＦ　ＡＴＴＥＮＴＩＯＮ
　　　　　　　　ＩＮ　ＨＯＬＬＡＮＤ．


　　　　　　　　　　　　ＡＮＤ　ＷＩＴＨ
　　　　ＭＲ．ＣＵＴＨＢＥＲＴＳＯＮ’Ｓ　ＤＥＶＩＣＥＳ，


　　　　ＰＲＯＦＥＳＳＯＲ　ＶＯＮ　ＭＡＲＵＭ


　　　　ＣＡＲＲＩＥＤ　ＯＮ　ＴＨＥ　ＷＯＲＫ
　　　　　　　　ＩＮ　ＴＨＥ　１７８０ｓ．


　　　　ＢＵＴ　ＢＥＹＯＮＤ　ＴＨＥ　ＬＡＢＯＲＡＴＯＲＩＥＳ，


　　　　ＰＡＲＴＩＣＵＬＡＲＬＹ　ＷＨＥＮ　ＩＴ　ＣＡＭＥ
　　　　ＴＯ　ＴＨＥ　ＦＡＭＯＵＳ　ＰＨＩＬＡＤＥＬＰＨＩＡＮ，


ＴＨＥ　ＢＵＳＩＮＥＳＳ　ＯＦ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＩＴＹ
ＣＯＵＬＤ　ＢＥ　ＰＯＳＩＴＩＶＥＲＹ　ＰＥＲＩＬＯＵＳ．


　　　　ＩＮ　ＦＡＣＴ，　ＷＨＥＮ　ＦＲＡＮＫＬＩＮ
　　　　ＴＲＩＥＤ　ＴＯ　ＣＯＯＫ　Ａ　ＴＵＲＫＥＹ


　　　　　　　　ＢＹ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＯＣＵＴＩＯＮ，


　　　　ＨＥ　ＡＬＭＯＳＴ　ＭＡＮＡＧＥＤ　ＴＯ
　　　　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＯＣＵＴＥ　ＨＩＭＳＥＬＦ．


　　　　　　　　ＩＮ　ＨＩＳ　ＯＷＮ　ＷＯＲＤＳ，


　　　　　　　　ＦＲＡＮＫＬＩＮ　ＤＥＳＣＲＩＢＥＤ
　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＤＡＮＧＥＲＳ　ＯＦ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＩＴＹ．


”ＩＴ　ＳＥＥＭＥＤ　ＡＵＮＩＶＥＲＳＡＬ　ＢＬＯＷ
　　　　ＴＨＲＯＵＧＨＯＵＴ　ＴＨＥ　　ＢＯＤＹ，


”ＦＯＬＬＯＷＥＤ　ＢＹ　Ａ　ＶＩＯＬＥＮＴ　ＴＲＥＭＢＬＩＮＧ
　　　　　　　　ＩＮ　ＴＨＥ　ＴＲＵＮＫ．


”Ａ　ＳＷＥＬＬＩＮＧ　ＲＡＩＳＥＤ　ＯＮ　ＭＹ　ＨＡＮＤ．


”ＭＹ　ＡＲＭＳ　ＡＮＤ　ＢＡＣＫ　ＯＦ　ＭＹ　ＮＥＣＫ
　　　　　　　　　　　　ＦＥＬＴ　ＮＵＭＢ．


　　　　　　　　ＭＹ　ＢＲＥＡＳＴＢＯＮＥ
　　　　ＷＡＳ　ＳＯＲＥ　ＦＯＲ　Ａ　ＷＥＥＫ．”

　　　　　　　　　　　　ＯＢＶＩＯＵＳＬＹ，
　　　　ＦＲＡＮＫＬＩＮ　ＨＡＤ　ＤＩＳＣＯＶＥＲＥＤ


　　　　　　　ＨＯＷ　ＮＯＴ　ＴＯ　ＣＯＮＤＵＣＴ
　　　　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＡＬ　ＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＳ．


　　　　ＦＯＲ　ＴＨＥ　ＲＥＣＯＲＤ，ＨＯＷＥＶＥＲ


　　　　ＴＨＩＳ　ＥＲＲＯＲ　ＷＡＳ　ＡＳ　ＲＡＲＥ
　　　　ＡＳ　ＴＨＥ　ＭＡＮ　ＨＩＭＳＥＬＦ．


ＡＦＴＥＲ　ＡＬＬ，ＨＥ　ＷＡＳ　ＴＨＥ　ＦＩＲＳＴ
　　　　ＴＯ　ＰＵＢＬＩＳＨ　Ａ　ＴＨＥＯＲＹ


　　　　ＯＦ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＣＨＡＲＧＥ
　　　　ＡＮＤ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＦＯＲＣＥ．


　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＤＥＴＡＩＬＳ　ＷＯＵＬＤ　ＢＥ
　　　　ＷＯＲＫＥＤ　ＯＵＴ　ＬＡＴＥＲ，


　　　　ＢＵＴ　ＩＮ　ＭＯＤＥＲＮ　ＴＥＲＭＳ，
　　　　ＷＨＥＲＥ　ＷＡＳ　ＦＲＡＮＫＬＩＮ　ＨＥＡＤＥＤ？


　　　　　　　　　ＩＮ　ＴＨＥ　ＶＩＣＩＮＩＴＹ　　　　　　　
          ＯＦ　Ａ　ＰＯＳＩＴＩＶＥ　ＣＨＡＲＧＥ，


　　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＦＯＲＣＥ　ＲＥＰＥＬＳ
　　　　　Ａ　ＰＯＳＩＴＩＶＥ　ＴＥＳＴ　ＣＨＡＲＧＥ．


　ＡＮ　ＥＸＴＥＲＮＡＬ　ＦＯＲＣＥ　ＩＳ　ＮＥＥＤＥＤ．．．


　　　　　ＴＯ　ＰＵＳＨ　ＴＨＥ　ＣＨＡＲＧＥ　ＣＬＯＳＥＲ，


　　　　　ＤＯＩＮＧ　ＷＯＲＫ　ＡＧＡＩＮＳＴ
　　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＦＯＲＣＥ－－


　　　　　　　　　ＰＯＳＩＴＩＶＥ　ＷＯＲＫ


　　　　　　　　　ＩＦ　ＴＨＥ　ＭＯＴＩＯＮ
　　　　　　　　　ＨＡＳ　Ａ　ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ


　　　　　　　　　ＯＰＰＯＳＩＴＥ　ＴＯ
　　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＦＯＲＣＥ．．．


　　　　　　　　　ＮＥＧＡＴＩＶＥ　ＷＯＲＫ


　　　　　ＩＦ　ＩＴ　ＨＡＳ　ＡＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
　　　　　ＡＬＯＮＧ　ＴＨＥ　ＦＯＲＣＥ．．．

　　　　　ＡＮＤ　ＮＯ　ＷＯＲＫ　ＡＴ　ＡＬＬ


　ＩＦ　ＴＨＥ　ＭＯＴＩＯＮ　ＩＳ　ＰＥＲＰＥＮＤＩＣＵＬＡＲ
　　　　　ＴＯ　ＴＨＥ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＦＯＲＣＥ．


　　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＮＥＴ　ＷＯＲＫ　ＩＳ　ＦＯＵＮＤ


　　　　　ＳＹ　ＩＮＴＥＧＲＡＴＩＮＧ
　　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＤＯＴ　ＰＲＯＤＵＣＴ


　　　　　ＯＦ　ＴＨＥ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＦＯＲＣＥ
　ＡＮＤ　ＴＨＥ　ＤＩＳＰＬＡＣＥＭＥＮＴＶＥＣＴＯＲ．．．


　　　　　　　　　ＡＬＯＮＧ　ＡＮＹ　ＰＡＴＨ
　ＴＨＲＯＵＧＨ　ＴＨＥ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＦＩＥＬＤ．


　　　　　　　　　ＴＨＡＴ　ＮＥＴＷＯＲＫ
　　　　　　ＩＳ　ＥＱＵＡＬ　ＴＯ　ＤＥＬＴＡ　Ｕ－－


　　　　　　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＣＨＡＮＧＥ　ＩＮ
　　　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＰＯＴＥＮＴＩＡＬ　ＥＮＥＲＧＹ


　　　　　　ＯＦ　ＴＨＥ　ＴＥＳＴ　ＣＨＡＲＧＥ

　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　ＯＦ　ＣＯＵＲＳＥ，
　　　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＦＯＲＣＥ


　　　　　　ＩＳ　ＴＨＥ　ＴＥＳＴ　ＣＨＡＲＧＥ
　　　　　　ＴＩＭＥＳ　ＴＨＥ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＦＩＥＬＤ，


　　　　　　　　　　ＳＯ　ＴＨＥ　ＣＨＡＮＧＥ
　　　　　　ＩＮ　ＰＯＴＥＮＴＩＡＬ　ＥＮＥＲＧＹ


　　　　　　　　　　ＩＳ　ＥＱＵＡＬ　ＴＯ
　　　　　　　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＴＥＳＴ　ＣＨＡＲＧＥ


　ＴＩＭＥＳ　ＳＯＭＥＴＨＩＮＧ　ＴＨＡＴ　ＤＥＰＥＮＤＳ


　　　　　ＯＮＬＹ　ＯＮ　ＴＨＥ　ＰＡＴＨ
　　　　　ＴＨＲＯＵＧＨ　ＴＨＥ　ＦＩＥＬＤ．


　　　　　ＴＨＡＴ　ＳＯＭＥＴＨＩＮＧ，ＤＥＬＴＡ　Ｖ，


　　　　　ＩＳ　ＣＡＬＬＥＤ　ＴＨＥ　ＤＩＦＦＥＲＥＮＣＥ
　　　　　ＩＮ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＰＯＴＥＮＴＩＡＬ，


　ＡＮＤ　ＩＴ’Ｓ　ＭＥＡＳＵＲＥＤ　ＩＮ　ＶＯＬＴＳ．


　　　　　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＰＯＴＥＮＴＩＡＬ，
　　　　　　　　　ＯＲ　ＶＯＬＴＡＧＥ，


　　　　　ＤＥＰＥＮＤＳ　ＯＮＬＹ　ＯＮ　ＰＯＳＩＴＩＯＮ
　　　　　ＩＮ　ＴＨＥ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＦＩＥＬＤ．


　　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＰＯＴＥＮＴＩＡＬ　ＤＩＦＦＥＲＥＮＣＥ


　　　　　　　　　ＩＳ　ＥＱＵＡＬ　ＴＯ　ＭＩＮＵＳ
　　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＩＮＴＥＧＲＡＬ　ＯＦ　Ｅ　ＤＯＴ


　　　　　　　　　ＡＬＯＮＧ　ＡＮＹ　ＰＡＴＨ
　　　　　ＣＯＮＮＥＣＴＩＮＧ　ＴＷＯ　ＰＯＩＮＴＳ．


　　　　　　　　　　　　［ＴＨＵＮＤＥＲ］


　　　　　　　　Ａ　ＨＵＮＤＲＥＤ　ＹＥＡＲＳ


　　　　ＢＥＦＯＲＥ　ＦＡＲＡＤＡＹ　ＤＩＳＣＯＶＥＲＥＤ
　　　　　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＦＩＥＬＤ，


　　　　　　　　ＦＲＡＮＫＬＩＮ　ＳＡＷ　ＩＴ
　　　　ＡＳ　ＴＨＥ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＡＴＭＯＳＰＨＥＲＥ．


　　　　　　　　ＩＮ　ＨＩＳ　ＴＨＥＯＲＹ，


　　　　　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＡＴＯＭＯＳＰＨＥＲＥ
　　　　ＡＲＯＳＥ　ＦＲＯＭ　Ａ　ＦＬＵＩＤ，


　　　　　　　　ＡＮ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＦＬＵＩＤ，


　　　　　　　　ＴＨＡＴ　ＰＥＲＭＥＡＴＥＳ
　　　　ＥＶＥＲＹ　ＯＢＪＥＣＴ　ＯＮ　ＥＡＲＴＨ．


　　　　ＥＶＥＲＹＴＨＩＮＧ，　ＩＮ　ＴＵＲＮ，
　　　　ＷＡＳ　ＡＳＰＯＮＧＥ　ＯＦ　ＳＯＲＴＳ


　　　　ＷＨＩＣＨ　ＭＩＧＨＴ　ＳＯＡＫ　ＵＰ
　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＦＬＵＩＤ．


　　　　　　　　ＦＲＡＮＫＬＩＮ　ＳＡＩＤ


　　　　ＴＨＡＴ　ＷＨＥＮ　ＡＮ　ＯＢＪＥＣＴ
　　　　ＳＯＡＫＳ　ＵＰ　ＴＯＯ　ＭＵＣＨ　ＦＬＵＩＤ，


　　　　ＩＴ’Ｓ　ＰＯＳＩＴＩＶＥＬＹ　ＣＨＡＲＧＥＤ
　　　　ＷＩＴＨ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＦＬＵＩＤ．
　　

　　　　ＢＵＴ　ＩＦ　ＡＮ　ＯＢＪＥＣＴ　ＤＯＥＳＮ’Ｔ
　　　　ＨＡＶＥ　ＥＮＯＵＧＨ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＦＬＵＩＤ，


ＴＨＥＮ　ＩＴ’Ｓ　ＮＥＧＡＴＩＶＥＬＹ　ＣＨＡＲＧＥＤ．


　　　　　　　　ＨＥ　ＳＡＩＤ　ＴＨＡＴ
　　　　ＰＯＳＩＴＩＶＥＬＹ　ＣＨＡＲＧＥＤ　ＯＢＪＥＣＴＳ


ＡＮＤ　ＮＥＧＡＴＩＶＥＬＹ　ＣＨＡＲＧＥＤ　ＯＢＪＥＣＴＳ


　　　　ＡＴＴＲＡＣＴ　ＥＡＣＨ　ＯＴＨＥＲ．


　　　　ＢＵＴ　ＴＷＯ　ＯＢＪＥＣＴＳ　ＴＨＡＴ　ＡＲＥ
　　　　ＢＯＴＨ　ＰＯＳＩＴＩＶＥＬＹ　ＣＨＡＲＧＥＤ


　　　　　　　　ＲＥＰＥＬ　ＥＡＣＨ　ＯＴＨＥＲ


　　　　　　　　ＦＲＡＮＫＬＩＮ’Ｓ　ＴＥＲＭＳ，


　　　　　　　　ＰＯＳＩＴＩＶＥ　ＣＨＡＲＧＥ
　　　　ＡＮＤ　ＮＥＧＡＴＩＶＥ　ＣＨＡＲＧＥ，


　　　　　　　　ＡＲＥ　ＳＴＩＬＬ　ＩＮ　ＵＳＥ．


ＢＵＴ　ＷＩＴＨ　ＢＥＴＴＥＲ　ＵＮＤＥＲＳＴＡＮＤＩＮＧ，
ＴＨＥＩＲ　ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧＳ　ＨＡＶＥ　ＣＨＡＮＧＥＤ．


　　　　ＴＯＤＡＹ　ＩＴ’Ｓ　ＵＮＤＥＲＳＴＯＯＤ
　　　　ＴＨＡＴ　ＴＨＥＲＥ　ＡＲＥ，ＩＮ　ＦＡＣＴ，


　　　　ＴＷＯ　ＤＩＦＦＥＲＥＮＴ　ＴＹＰＥＳ
　　　　ＯＦ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＩＴＹ－－


　　　　　　　　ＰＯＳＩＴＩＶＥ　ＣＨＡＲＧＥ
　　　　ＡＮＤ　ＮＥＧＡＴＩＶＥ　ＣＨＡＲＧＥ－－


ＡＮＤ　ＴＨＡＴ　ＡＬＬ　ＯＢＪＥＣＴ　ＩＮ　ＮＡＴＵＲＥ
　　　　ＣＯＮＴＡＩＮ　ＢＯＴＨ　ＴＹＰＥＳ．


　　　　ＮＥＶＥＲＴＨＥＬＥＳＳ，ＦＲＡＮＫＬＩＮ　ＨＡＤ
　　　　ＲＥＡＬＩＺＥＤ，ＣＯＲＲＥＣＴＬＹ，


　　　　ＴＨＡＴ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣ　ＣＨＡＲＧＥ


　　　　ＩＳ　ＳＯＭＥＴＨＩＮＧ　ＴＨＡＴ’Ｓ　ＮＥＶＥＲ
        ＣＲＥＡＴＥＤ　ＮＯＲ　ＤＥＳＴＲＯＹＥＤ


　　　　ＢＵＴ　ＭＥＲＥＬＹ　ＦＬＯＷＳ
ＦＲＯＭ　ＯＮＥ　ＯＢＪＥＣＴ　ＴＯ　ＡＮＯＴＨＥＲ．


　　　　ＳＵＣＨ　ＦＡＲ－ＲＥＡＣＨＩＮＧ　ＩＮＳＩＧＨＴＳ
　　　　ＥＡＲＮＥＤ　ＦＲＡＮＫＬＩＮ　ＡＣＣＬＡＩＭ


　　　　　　　　ＡＳ　ＴＨＥ　ＷＯＲＬＤ’Ｓ
　　　　　　　　ＦＯＲＥＭＯＳＴ　ＳＣＩＥＮＴＩＳＴ


　　　　ＩＮ　ＴＨＥ　ＦＩＥＬＤ　ＯＦ　ＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＩＴＹ．


ＢＵＴ　ＩＴ　ＷＡＳ　ＴＨＥ　ＰＲＩＮＴＩＮＧ　ＰＲＥＳＳ－－
　　　　　　　　ＮＯＴ　ＳＣＩＥＮＣＥ－－


　　　　ＴＨＡＴ　ＣＲＥＡＴＥＤ　ＨＩＳ　ＦＯＲＴＵＮＥ，


　　　　ＡＮＤ　ＩＮ　ＴＨＥ　ＰＲＯＣＥＳＳ，
　　　　ＳＰＲＥＡＤ　ＨＩＳ　ＲＥＰＵＴＡＴＩＯＮ．


　　　　　ＨＥ’Ｄ　ＢＥＥＮ　ＡＮ　ＡＰＰＲＥＮＴＩＣＥ
　　　　　ＯＮ　ＴＨＥ　ＮＥＷ　ＥＮＧＬＡＮＤ　ＣＯＵＲＡＮＴ，


　　　　　　　　　Ａ　ＰＵＢＬＩＳＨＥＲ　ＯＦ
　　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＰＥＮＮＳＹＬＶＡＮＩＡ　ＧＡＺＥＴＴＥ，


　　　　　　　　　ＡＮＤ　ＦＩＮＡＬＬＹ
　　　　　ＰＯＯＲ　ＲＩＣＨＡＲＤ’Ｓ　ＡＬＭＡＮＡＣ．．．


　　　　　　　　ＷＨＩＣＨ　ＭＡＤＥ　ＨＩＭ
　　　　　　　　ＶＥＲＹ　ＲＩＣＨ，ＩＮＤＥＥＤ．


　　　　ＴＨＯＵＧＨ　ＨＥ　ＴＵＲＮＥＤ　ＯＶＥＲ
　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＳＨＯＰ　ＩＮ　１７４８，


　　　　ＤＥＶＯＴＩＮＧ　ＨＩＭＳＥＬＦ
　　　　ＥＮＴＩＲＥＬＹ　ＴＯ　ＳＣＩＥＮＣＥ，


　　　　　　　　Ａ　ＣＥＲＴＡＩＮ　ＡＭＯＵＮＴ
　　　　　　　　ＯＦ　ＰＲＩＮＴＥＲ’Ｓ　ＩＮＫ


ＦＬＯＷＥＤ　ＴＨＯＵＧＨ　ＦＲＡＮＫＬＩＮ’Ｓ　ＶＥＮＩＳ
　　　　ＦＯＲ　ＴＨＥ　ＲＥＳＴ　ＯＦ　ＨＩＳ　ＬＩＦＥ．


　　　　ＢＵＴ　ＨＥ　ＷＡＳ　ＮＥＶＥＲ　ＣＯＮＴＥＮＴ


ＷＩＴＨ　ＭＥＲＥＬＹ　ＲＥＡＤＩＮＧ　ＡＮＤ　ＷＲＩＴＩＮＧ
ＡＢＯＵＴ　ＴＨＥ　ＥＶＥＮＴＳ　ＯＦ　ＨＩＳＥＲＡ．




　　　ＡＮＤ　ＷＨＥＮ　ＩＴ　ＣＡＭＥ
　　　　ＴＯ　ＡＭＥＲＩＣＡＮ　ＨＩＳＴＯＲＹ，
　　　　

　　　　ＦＲＡＮＫＬＩＮ　ＰＲＥＦＥＲＲＥＤ　ＴＯ
ＧＯ　ＯＵＴ　ＡＮＤ　ＭＡＫＥ　ＩＴ　ＨＩＭＳＥＬＦ．


ＢＵＴ　ＩＦ　ＦＲＡＮＫＬＩＮ　ＷＡＳ　ＡＮ　ＩＭＰＯＲＴＡＮＴ
　　　　ＰＲＥＳＥＮＣＥ　ＩＮ　ＴＨＥ　ＣＯＬＯＮＩＥＳ，


　　　　ＨＥ　ＷＡＳ　ＡＢＳＯＬＵＴＥＬＹ
　　　　ＬＥＧＥＮＤＡＲＹ　ＩＮ　ＥＵＲＯＰＥ


　　　　ＨＥ　ＷＡＳ　ＡＮ　ＥＮＯＲＭＯＵＳＬＹ
　　　　　　　　ＰＯＰＵＬＡＲ　ＦＩＧＵＲＥ


　　　　ＩＮ　ＥＮＧＬＡＮＤ　ＡＮＤ　ＦＲＡＮＣＥ．．．


　　　　　　　　ＤＥＥＰＬＹ　ＡＤＭＩＲＥＤ
　　　　　　　　ＡＳ　Ａ　ＳＴＡＴＥＳＭＡＮ，


　　　　　　　　Ａ　ＰＨＩＬＯＳＯＰＨＥＲ，
　　　　　　　　ＡＮＤ　Ａ　ＳＣＩＥＮＴＩＳＴ．．．


ＷＨＯ　ＨＡＤ　ＥＭＥＲＧＥＤ，ＩＮＣＲＥＤＩＢＬＹ，


　　　　ＦＲＯＭ　ＴＨＥ　ＵＮＣＩＶＩＬＩＺＥＤ
　　　　ＡＭＥＲＩＣＡＮ　ＣＬＯＮＩＥＳ．


　　　　ＴＨＲＯＵＧＨＯＵＴ　ＨＩＳ　ＬＩＦＥ，
ＨＥ　ＷＡＳ　ＡＬＳＯ　ＲＥＭＡＲＫＡＢＬＹ　ＬＵＣＫＹ．


　　　　ＪＵＳＴ　ＨＯＵＲＳ　ＢＥＦＯＲＥ　ＨＥ　ＷＡＳ
　　　　ＴＯ　ＰＲＥＳＥＮＴ　ＨＩＳ　ＣＲＥＤＥＮＴＩＡＬＳ


　　　　ＡＴ　ＴＨＥ　ＣＯＵＲＴ　ＯＦ　ＬＯＵＩＳ　ＸＶＩ，


　　　　　　　　ＨＥ　ＤＩＳＣＯＶＥＲＥＤ　ＴＨＡＴ


　　　　　　　　ＴＨＥ　ＰＯＷＤＥＲＥＤ　ＷＩＧ
　　　　　　　　ＡＮＤ　ＦＯＲＭＡＬ　ＣＬＯＴＨＥＳ
　　　

　　　　　　　　ＷＨＩＣＨ　ＨＡＤ　ＢＥＥＮ
　　　　　　　　ＰＲＯＶＩＤＥＤ　ＦＯＲ　ＨＩＭwerw much too small.


Franklin boldly appeared

in his street clothes
and his own hair

and instead of being ridiculed

was instantly heralded

as“the child of nature
from the back woods.”

But even that wasn't 
the extent of franklin's fame.

He was also recognized
as an inventor,

for a number of good reason--

The lightning rod
and the glass harmonica...

The rocking chair,
the franklin stove,

and even 
daylight savings time.

Another of his inventions--
bifocals--

Would evertually become
his trademark.

Franklinwas also
relentlessly optimistic.

Throughout his life,

he saweverything
as a wonderful game--

A serious game, to be sure--

but also a challenge

of limitless possibility.

How did it feel

toflail a whirlwind
wiht a whip

or to cathe lightning
wiht a kite?

Franklin was 
the only man on earth

who could answer those questions
from experience.

On land and sea,

he studied everything 
he could set his mind on.

He wrote of his studies
in great detail.

In pert,
Franklin was called“dicter”

because of his
writings on illness

and the practice of medicine.

Like others,
he'd given electirc shocks

to treat palsy
and forms of paralysis.

However, unlike
his medical contemporaries,

he's concluded the only
benefit of shock treatment

came from the exercise
patients got

ealking to and from his house 
for their visits.

But from the scientific
point pf view,

the most exciting thing

was his percepition
of the electric fluid inself.

Although in hindsight

it's not too head to read
an imperefection or two

in DR. franklin's theory,

it was the most advanced 
of his time.

And to the extent
itwas correct,

his electric fluid

contained the sparks 
of things to come.

Today, what Franklin saw
as the electric atmosphere

is seen in modern terms
as the electric field.

an electric field
is present  around any object

that carries
a net electric charge.

If an object's positive charge
and negative charge

are balanced,

the object is
electrically neuaral

and it produces virtually

no electric field far away.

But even beyond that,

the static electric field
inside any piece of metal  

is zero,

which means test charge
would feel no force at all

inside the piece of metal.

That's true even if the metal
has a net electric charge.

That's because the charge 
piles up on the surface

until there's
no field left inside

to make it move.

Of course,
electrically charged conductors

do create electric fields
outsid themselves.

but inside,
there's no field at all.

And because there's 
anelectric field

between two oppositely charged
pieces of metal,

there's bound to be a difference 
in potential between them.

but since there's
no field inside,

the potential is the same
everywhere in the metal.

so, each piece of metal

is a region
of constant potential.

The potential difference
between two pieces of metal  

depends on how much net charge
each one has.

Negative charge
lowers the potential...

And positive charge
raises the potential.

Of course, in the 1700s,

DR.Franklin was in no position

to get such a clear picture
of eletric potential,

for even its concept
was unknown in his day.

But he did have an enormous
knowledge of electricity,

which he often shared with his
colleagues throughout europe.

And as the wisest american,

ben franklin also paid
considerable attention

to the great minds of the past,

particularly sir isaac newton.

franklin was well aware 

of newton's theory
of universal gravitation,

and he knew the force
of newton's gravity

unites the universe

by causing masses
to attract each other.

Franklin would have liked
to formulate a similar law,

a law of electric force.

But it doesn't quite work
because unlike gravity,

there are two kinds
of electrical charges.

Electrical charges
that are unlike

attract each other,

and charges that are alike
repel each other.

That's one reason
why an ordinary battery

has the potential
to create an electric field.

When a battery is connected
Between two pieces of metal,

it forces to flow

from one to the other

until the potential difference

between them

is equal to the voltage

of the battery.

That creates an
electric field between them.

If the voltage is doubled,
so is the charge.

so is
the potential difference.

And so is 
the electric field.

In general,

The charge trensferred

is proportionnal to
the voltage applied.

The constant
of proportionality, c,

is called the capacitance.

Long before there was
a modern capacitop,

much less the means
and mathematics

to illustrate how one works,

everyone in the world
kndw about lightning.

but to discover
the role of lightning

im the world of natura science,

one had to follow ben Franklin

into the study
of electricity inself.

[THUNDER]

Of all he 18th century
electricians,

only Franklin had seen
lightning bolts

for what they are--

huge sparks of electricity--

No different from the kind
he could create

in his laboratory.

On paper, there was 
the basis of his theory.

First, extend a metal pole--
the lightning rod--

from the roof of a buildig.

then, place a wire
near the rod.

In theory, the rod would
draw some electrucuty

from the stormy sky

and a spark would jump
from the metal to the wire.

prior to the experiment,

these instructions
had beev printed in England.

Thomas francois dalibard

had followed them 
to the letter 

and successfully
performed the experiment

on the outskirts of Paris.

Of course, Franklin had
no way of knowing that 

as he himself stood up to face
the power of mother nature.

He put his own theory
into practice

in a far more dangerous manner.

Instead of using
a lightning rod

to draw electricity
from the sky,

he used a kite--

A simple apparatus made of twigs
and a silk handkerchief.

Instead of a separate wire,

hn attached a metal key
to the kite strind.

On the fateful night,

he noticed loose threads

standing out
from the kite string.

Then, just as he had
bravely predicted,

the sparks jumped.

As they zipped from the key
directly to his bare knuckle,

Franklin experienced a feeling
he'd never forget.

But in fact,
Franklin's greatest discovery

was not made
with lightning bolts.

It was made with leyden jars.

It was here rather than
in the stormy sky

that ben Franklin reyolutionized
the science of physics.

Others assumed that when they
charged a jar with electricity,

they were adding large amounts
of electricity to it.

But Franklin knew better.

With his knowledge,

he was the first to figure out
how a capacitor worked.

He realized that
the electric fluid

was neither being
created nor destroyed.

It was merely flowing
from one place to another.

In was flowing from
the conductor inside the jar

to the conductor
on the outside.

In other words,

the leyden jar was the first
primitive electric capgcitor.

Any two fieoes of hetal

can form a capacitor.

The shape doesn't matter.

The two pieces of metal

can be the plates
of a parallel-plate capacitnr

of they can be
the inner and outer parts

of a leyden  jar.

The electric field
in a parallel-plate capacitor

is really due
to sheets of opposite charge

facing each other
on the metal surfaces.

The field between the sheets
is constant.

The two sheets
of opposite charge

attract each other
and hold each other in place.

That's why a capacitor
is such a useful device.

If the voltage is held constant
by a battery...

The charge, and therefore
the capacitance,

changes inversely

as the distance
between the plates

and is proportional
to the area of the plates.

Franklin realized

that if capacitors were
connected together properly,

they would create
a larger capacitance--

“Properly” meant “in parallel.”

A series of leyden jars,
one after the other, 

actually created
a smaller capacitance.

But a parallel bank
of leyden jars

proved to be
an excellent arramgement,

and Franklin called it
the electric battery--

another term that has
a different meating today.

But the important thing
is not the term.

It's the idea.

only ben Franklin realized

that it didn't take
a fancy leyden jar

to hold on to electricity.

A simple pair of parallel
metal plates would do.

Despite its occasional
inaccuracies,

Franklin's work with electricity
was a scientific milestone.

But even so, 

ben Franklin will
always be best remembered

as a statesman and
a remarkable public servant.

Here in philadelphia,

ho established
the first public hospital,

the first public library,
and the first fire department.

As a delegate
to the albany congress of 1754,

he had been so bold
as to propose

a union of the colonies.

For almost countless reasons,

benjamin Franklin was and is
a national treasure,

a monumet to
the limitless promise

of democracy.

In this room,

with the diligence
of a scholar

and the moderation
of a statesman,

he set the course 
and molded the ideals

for a newborn nation.

But as a scientist,

ben Franklin was he greatest
of the natural philosophers...

Not only then, but today,
throughout the world of science.

Franklin was very, very clever.

It may be that his
cleverest invevtion

was the lightning rod.

But he had a competitor
in England

who also invented
a lightning rod.

The two of them disagreed
over a certain detail.

Franklin thought that

lightning rods should have 
pointed ends on them.

His English competitor

thought that
a  lightning rod

should have rounded knobs
at the end.

it turns out that Franklin had 
the right idea.

But at that time,

we weren't on good terms
with England.

There was something oing on
called the revolutionary war.

king george Ⅲ

decreed that all
lightning rods in England

would have rounded knobs.

George had tried to change
a law of nature

by mean of royal desree.

You can't do that, of course.

It takes an act of parliament.

Before the invention
of the lightning rod,

a thunderstorm
was a terrifying phenomenon.

There was no protection 
against it.

Typically, when towns knew
a thunderstorm was approaching,

they's have
the church bells rung

to try to scare it away.

But the church tower

was usually the highest
thing in town.

So typically the lightning
would strike the church bell,

run down the damp bell cord,

and dispatch the bell ringer.

The invention
of the lightning rod

was the first demonstration 

that a theoretical 
understanding of science

could  lead to mastery
over the great forces of nature.

The psychilogical impact
of that discovery

is with us to this very day.

We'll go on with our story
next time.

理科領域専攻
学籍番号　061195
金丸優紀